Comparison of ddRADseq and EUChip60K SNP genotyping systems for population genetics and genomic selection in Eucalyptus dunnii (Maiden).

Eucalyptus dunnii is one of the most important Eucalyptus species for short-fiber pulp production in regions where other species of the genus are affected by poor soil and climatic conditions. In this context, E. dunnii holds promise as a resource to address and adapt to the challenges of climate change. Despite its rapid growth and favorable wood properties for solid wood products, the advancement of its improvement remains in its early stages. In this work, we evaluated the performance of two single nucleotide polymorphism, (SNP), genotyping methods for population genetics analysis and Genomic Selection in E. dunnii. Double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) was compared with the EUChip60K array in 308 individuals from a provenance-progeny trial. The compared SNP set included 8,011 and 19,008 informative SNPs distributed along the 11 chromosomes, respectively. Although the two datasets differed in the percentage of missing data, genome coverage, minor allele frequency and estimated genetic diversity parameters, they revealed a similar genetic structure, showing two subpopulations with little differentiation between them, and low linkage disequilibrium. GS analyses were performed for eleven traits using Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) and a conventional pedigree-based model (ABLUP). Regardless of the SNP dataset, the predictive ability (PA) of GBLUP was better than that of ABLUP for six traits (Cellulose content, Total and Ethanolic extractives, Total and Klason lignin content and Syringyl and Guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio). When contrasting the SNP datasets used to estimate PAs, the GBLUP-EUChip60K model gave higher and significant PA values for six traits, meanwhile, the values estimated using ddRADseq gave higher values for three other traits. The PAs correlated positively with narrow sense heritabilities, with the highest correlations shown by the ABLUP and GBLUP-EUChip60K. The two genotyping methods, ddRADseq and EUChip60K, are generally comparable for population genetics and genomic prediction, demonstrating the utility of the former when subjected to rigorous SNP filtering. The results of this study provide a basis for future whole-genome studies using ddRADseq in non-model forest species for which SNP arrays have not yet been developed.

Herramientas ómicas en el diagnóstico de enfermedades ultra-huérfanas: Síndrome de haploinsuficiencia MED13L

Introducción: Las tecnologías de nueva generación han permitido un avance en el diagnóstico y abordaje de enfermedades genéticas ultra-huérfanas ofreciendo mayores posibilidades en tratamiento y consejería genética a las familias. El síndrome de MED13L afecta la proteína MED13L, importante en el desarrollo temprano del corazón, células nerviosas del cerebro y estructuras de la cara. Sus variantes pueden ser las causantes del síndrome de retraso del desarrollo y dismorfia facial con o sin defectos cardíacos. Presentación de caso: Paciente de 4 años, historia de hipotonía generalizada, retraso global del neurodesarrollo, discapacidad cognitiva y rasgos dismórficos, dada la complejidad clínica se realizó secuenciación del exoma clínico completo con análisis de ADN mitocondrial y variación en el número de copias (CNV) con detección de alteración del Gen MED13L variante c.2965C>G (p.Pro989Ala), significado clínico incierto, con posterior implementación de tecnologías de última generación, y reclasificación de la significancia de la variante a patogénica a través del análisis bioinformático, lo cual permitió llegar al origen específico de la patología. Conclusiones: Se resalta la importancia del uso de tecnologías de última generación y herramientas bioinformáticas en el diagnóstico específico de las enfermedades complejas. Las nuevas tecnologías actúan como una herramienta de ayuda para instaurar un protocolo dirigido, un asesoramiento genético y así evaluar el riesgo de heredabilidad, pronóstico y perspectivas terapéuticas de las patologías genéticas ultra-huérfanas. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Introduction: New generation technologies have allowed an advance in the diagnosis and approach of ultra-orphan genetic diseases, to offer greater possibilities in treatment and genetic counseling to families. MED13L syndrome affects the MED13L protein, which is important in early development of the heart, nerve cells in the brain, and structures of the face. Its variants can be the cause of developmental delay syndrome and facial dysmorphia with or without heart defects. Case presentation: 4-year-old patient with history of generalized hypotonia, global neurodevelopmental delay, cognitive disability and dysmorphic features, given the clinical complexity a complete clinical exome sequencing was performed with analysis of mitochondrial DNA and copy number variation (CNV) with detection of alteration of the MED13L gene variant c.2965C>G (p.Pro989Ala), uncertain clinical significance, with subsequent implementation of new generation technologies and reclassification of significance to pathogenic variant through bioinformatic analysis, which allowed reaching the a specific origin of the pathology. Conclusions: The importance of the use of new generation technologies and bioinformatic tools in the specific diagnosis of complex diseases is highlighted. New technologies act as a tool to help establish a targeted protocol, genetic counseling and thus assess the risk of heritability, prognosis, and therapeutic perspectives of ultra-orphan diseases. (provided by Infomedic International)

Differentiation of action mechanisms between natural and synthetic repellents through neuronal electroantennogram and proteomic in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Natural-based compounds with repellent activity arise nowadays with the possibility to replace commercial synthetic repellents wholly or partially, such as N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). It is due to DEET's demonstrated toxicity and cutaneous irritation for human beings. Besides, research recommends avoiding using it with kids and pregnant women. The search for a repellent product implies early stages of detailed research that resolve the modes of action against the target insect. Therefore the objective of the current study was to analyze neuronal electrophysiological signals and olfactory system protein expression when the Aedes aegypti mosquito with exposition to natural-based repellents. Adult females of Ae. aegypti of Rockefeller strain were exposed to specific concentrations of repellent compounds like geranyl acetate, α-bisabolol, nerolidol, and DEET. The neuronal effect was measured by electroantennography technique, and the effect of exposure to either DEET or a mixture of natural molecules on protein expression was determined with 2D-PAGE followed by MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry (MS). This approach revealed that DEET affected proteins related to synapses and ATP production, whereas natural-based repellents increased transport, signaling, and detoxification proteins. The proteomic and electrophysiology experiments demonstrated that repellent exposure disrupts ionic channel activity and modifies neuronal synapse and energy production processes.

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors Modulate Glutamate and GABA Neurotransmission onto Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neurons during Cocaine Sensitization.

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays an important role in the reward and motivational processes that facilitate the development of drug addiction. Presynaptic α1-AR activation modulates glutamate and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. This work elucidates the role of VTA presynaptic α1-ARs and their modulation on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission during cocaine sensitization. Excitatory and inhibitory currents (EPSCs and IPSCs) measured by a whole cell voltage clamp show that α1-ARs activation increases EPSCs amplitude after 1 day of cocaine treatment but not after 5 days of cocaine injections. The absence of a pharmacological response to an α1-ARs agonist highlights the desensitization of the receptor after repeated cocaine administration. The desensitization of α1-ARs persists after a 7-day withdrawal period. In contrast, the modulation of α1-ARs on GABA neurotransmission, shown by decreases in IPSCs' amplitude, is not affected by acute or chronic cocaine injections. Taken together, these data suggest that α1-ARs may enhance DA neuronal excitability after repeated cocaine administration through the reduction of GABA inhibition onto VTA dopamine (DA) neurons even in the absence of α1-ARs' function on glutamate release and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. α1-AR modulatory changes in cocaine sensitization increase our knowledge of the role of the noradrenergic system in cocaine addiction and may provide possible avenues for therapeutics.

The first complete genomic structure of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and its chromid.

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens forms part of the gastrointestinal microbiome of ruminants and other mammals, including humans. Indeed, it is one of the most common bacteria found in the rumen and plays an important role in ruminal fermentation of polysaccharides, yet, to date, there is no closed reference genome published for this species in any ruminant animal. We successfully assembled the nearly complete genome sequence of B. fibrisolvens strain INBov1 isolated from cow rumen using Illumina paired-end reads, 454 Roche single-end and mate pair sequencing technology. Additionally, we constructed an optical restriction map of this strain to aid in scaffold ordering and positioning, and completed the first genomic structure of this species. Moreover, we identified and assembled the first chromid of this species (pINBov266). The INBov1 genome encodes a large set of genes involved in the cellulolytic process but lacks key genes. This seems to indicate that B. fibrisolvens plays an important role in ruminal cellulolytic processes, but does not have autonomous cellulolytic capacity. When searching for genes involved in the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids, no linoleate isomerase gene was found in this strain. INBov1 does encode oleate hydratase genes known to participate in the hydrogenation of oleic acids. Furthermore, INBov1 contains an enolase gene, which has been recently determined to participate in the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acids. This work confirms the presence of a novel chromid in B. fibrisolvens and provides a new potential reference genome sequence for this species, providing new insight into its role in biohydrogenation and carbohydrate degradation.

Síndrome de la bolsa de orina púrpura. Un caso / Purple urine bag syndrome. A case

El síndrome de la bolsa de orina púrpura es una condición muy poco frecuente, caracterizada por una llamativa coloración púrpura intensa de la orina. Se observa en pacientes con cateterización de la vía urinaria y la infección por determinadas bacterias capaces de generar una reacción química entre la orina y el material plástico de la bolsa colectora, que resulta en un llamativo color púrpura en la orina. Presentamos un caso de PUBS por ser un fenómeno poco frecuente, por la preocupación que genera en el enfermo y en el equipo de salud, y por las implicancias clínicas del manejo de las infecciones del tracto urinario

Purple urine bag syndrome is a rare condition, characterized by purple coloration of the urine inside the bag. It is observed in patients who have urinary catheters together with an infection associated with certain bacterial species, which produce a chemical reaction between the plastic of the urine bag and the urine, resulting in an intense purple color of the urine. We report a patient with PUBS, because it is an unfrequented phenomenon that generates alarm in family members and health care workers and because of the clinical implications of urinary tract infection management

Does Intensive Glucose Control Prevent Cognitive Decline in Diabetes? A Meta-Analysis.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive decline and impaired performance in cognitive function tests among type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Even though the use of tight glucose control has been limited by a reported higher mortality, few reports have assessed the impact of treatment intensity on cognitive function. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate if an intensive glucose control in diabetes improves cognitive function, in comparison to standard therapy. We included 7 studies that included type 1 or type 2 diabetics and used standardized tests to evaluate various cognitive function domains. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for each domain. We found that type 1 diabetics get no cognitive benefit from a tight glucose control, whereas type 2 diabetics get some benefit on processing speed and executive domains but had worse performances in the memory and attention domains, along with a higher incidence of mortality when using intensive glucose control regimes.